What happens to enzymes if the pH of the solution deviates significantly from their optimal range?

Enzymes are highly specific biological catalysts that have an optimal pH range at which they function most effectively. This optimal pH is closely linked to their structure and the nature of the chemical reactions they catalyze. When the pH of the solution deviates significantly from this optimal range, it can lead to denaturation or alteration in the conformation of the enzyme. This change affects the active site, which is critical for substrate binding and overall enzymatic activity. As a result, the enzyme may lose its functionality either completely or partially, leading to a decrease in reaction rates or the inability to catalyze the reaction altogether. This demonstrates how sensitive enzymes can be to changes in their environment, particularly concerning pH.